第2课 诸侯纷争与变法运动
Lesson 2: Feudal Lords in Conflict and the Reform Movements
李宏 湖北省十堰市郧阳中学
Li Hong Yunyang High School, Shiyan City, Hubei Province
春秋战国时期时代特征：
Characteristics of the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods:
①政治：王室衰微、宗法分封制遭到严重破坏（礼崩乐坏）
Political: Decline of the royal house, severe disruption of the patriarchal feudal system (collapse of ritual and music systems).
展开剩余94%②经济：铁犁牛耕
Economic: Introduction of iron plows and ox-drawn farming.
③思想：百家争鸣
Intellectual: Contention of the hundred schools of thought.
④国家：由分裂走向统一。
National trajectory: Transition from division to unification.
春秋战国（前771-前256）
Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period (771–256 BCE)
一、列国纷争与华夏认同
Contention Among Feudal States and the Formation of Huaxia Identity
1．列国纷争：
Contention Among Feudal States:
（1）“春秋五霸”：齐国、晋国、楚国、吴国与越国等先后建立霸权。
"Five Hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period": The States of Qi, Jin, Chu, Wu, and Yue sequentially established hegemony.
（2）战国七雄：韩赵魏三家分晋；田氏代齐；许多中小诸侯国消失。
Seven Major Powers of the Warring States: The division of Jin among Han, Zhao, and Wei; the Tian clan usurping Qi; and the disappearance of numerous smaller feudal states.
2．华夏认同：
Huaxia Cultural Identity:
（1）春秋时期：周边民族在中原各国的频繁往来和密切联系中，产生了华夏认同观念。
Spring and Autumn Period: Through frequent interactions and close contacts among various states, the concept of Huaxia identity emerged among neighboring ethnic groups.
（2）战国时期：戎狄蛮夷逐渐融入华夏族；华夏族更加稳定，分布更为广泛。
Warring States Period: The Rong, Di, Man, and Yi gradually assimilated into the Huaxia people; the Huaxia ethnic group became more stable and widely distributed.
二、经济发展与变法运动
Economic Development and Reform Movements
（一）经济发展：
Economic Development:
1．农业：冶铁技术出现，铁制农具广泛使用，牛耕也得到推广。各国纷纷兴建水利灌溉工程，如都江堰、郑国渠、芍陂。
Agriculture: Iron smelting technology emerged, iron farming tools were widely used, and ox-drawn plowing became more common. Various states constructed water conservancy and irrigation projects, such as the Dujiangyan Irrigation System, Zheng Guo Canal, and the Shaobei Reservoir.
2．工商业：农业进步推动社会分工，促进了工商业的繁荣。战国时，手工业分工更加细密，货币流通广泛，各地涌现出一批人口众多、商贾云集的中心城市。
Industry and Commerce: Advances in agriculture promoted the social division of labor, stimulating prosperity in industry and commerce. During the Warring States period, handicraft production became more specialized, currency circulation expanded, and a number of populous central cities crowded with merchants emerged in different regions.
（二）变法运动
Reform Movements
1．目的：富国强兵
Purpose: To enrich the country and strengthen its military
2．代表：商鞅变法（公元前356年）
Representative: Shang Yang’s Reform (356 BCE)
经济：①重农抑商，奖励耕织；②强制大家庭拆散为个体小家庭；③“废井田，开阡陌”， 授田于百姓
Economy:
① Prioritize agriculture and suppress commerce, reward farming and weaving;
② Force extended families to split into nuclear families;
③ Abolish the well-field system, open up farmland boundaries, and grant land to common people.
军事：奖励军功，剥夺和限制贵族特权
Military:
Reward military merits, deprive and restrict the privileges of the nobility.
政治： ①在民间实行什伍连坐，互相纠察告发②行政管理上普遍推行县制，县的主要官员由君主任免
Politics:
① Implement the Shiwu mutual surveillance system among the people, requiring mutual supervision and reporting;
② Universally implement the county system in administration, with chief county officials appointed and dismissed by the ruler.
3．影响 Influences:
①商鞅变法是战国时期持续时间最长、涉及面最广、改革最为彻底的一次变法。
②商鞅变法使秦国国富兵强，为秦统一中国奠定了基础。
① Shang Yang’s Reform was the longest-lasting, most wide-ranging, and most thorough reform during the Warring States Period.
② It made the Qin State prosperous and powerful, laying the foundation for Qin’s unification of China.
三、百家争鸣
III. The Hundred Schools of Thought
1．背景：（社会大变革）社会经济发展，士阶层层崛起，争霸战争的需要。
Background: (Great social transformation)
Social and economic development, the rise of the scholar-official class (shi class), and the need for wars of conquest and hegemony.
2．代表：
Representatives:
儒家：孟子认为人性善，提倡“仁政”；
Confucianism:
Mencius believed human nature is good and advocated Benevolent Government.
荀子认为人性恶，主张隆礼重法
Xunzi believed human nature is evil and advocated exalting ritual and emphasizing law.
道家：庄子 崇尚逍遥自由
Daoism:
Zhuangzi valued freedom and carefree transcendence.
墨家：墨子，代表下层平民利益，提倡节俭，主张“兼爱”“非攻”，提出“尚贤”的政治主张
Mohism:
Mozi, representing the interests of commoners, advocated frugality, Universal Love, Non‑Aggression, and Meritocracy.
法家：韩非， 代表新兴地主阶级利益，主张以法为工具管理国家，控制臣民，体现了中央集权的政治思想
Legalism:
Han Fei, representing the interests of the emerging landlord class, advocated governing the state with law and controlling the people, reflecting the political thought of centralized authority.
阴阳家：邹衍，认为五行间相互促进又相互制约，提出“相生相胜”理论
Yin‑Yang School:
Zou Yan held that the five elements promote and restrict one another, proposing the theory of Mutual Generation and Mutual Conquest.
3．影响：百家争鸣是春秋战国时期社会经济发展、阶级关系变动在思想领域内的反映。
Influences:
The Hundred Schools of Thought was a reflection of social‑economic development and changes in class relations during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods.
这是中国历史上第一次波澜壮阔的思想解放运动。
It was the first great ideological liberation movement in Chinese history.
它不仅为新兴地主阶级登上历史舞台奠定了思想理论基础，而且成为后世中华思想文化的源头活水，影响十分深远。
It not only laid the ideological and theoretical foundation for the emerging landlord class to take the historical stage, but also became an enduring source of Chinese thought and culture, with far‑reaching influence.
4.易混概念:道家与道教混淆
Easily confused concepts: Daoism vs. Taoism
道家是指春秋时期兴起的一种思想学派，老子是道家学派的创始人，但不是道教的创始人。
Daoism refers to a philosophical school emerging in the Spring and Autumn Period. Laozi was its founder, but not the founder of Taoism.
道教，就是一种宗教信仰了，它与道家有很大的关系，因为本身就是从道家思想的理论结合从战国以来的神仙方术衍生出来的一种宗教，道教兴起于东汉末年。
Taoism is a religion. It is closely related to Daoist philosophy, emerging in the late Eastern Han Dynasty by combining Daoist thought with immortal practices and alchemy since the Warring States Period.
四、中国古代民本思想的内容与认识：
IV. Content and Understanding of Ancient Chinese People‑Centered Thought
（1）内容
Content
①畏民：敬畏民众。“君失道，民叛之，故可畏”。
Revere the People: Awe and respect for the populace. "When a ruler loses the Way (Dao), the people will rebel; hence, they are to be revered."
②重民：认识到民众的重要性，重视民众问题。“民惟邦本，本固邦宁”。
Value the people: Recognize the importance of the people and attach importance to their concerns.
“The people are the root of the state; when the root is firm, the state is peaceful.”
③得民：即要得民心。“得民心者得天下，失民心者失天下”。
Win the people: Win the hearts of the people.
“Whoever wins the hearts of the people gains the empire; whoever loses them loses the empire.”
④知民：要体察民情，了解民意。“国将兴，听于民”。
Understand the people: Observe and understand the people’s conditions and will.
“A state about to prosper listens to its people.”
⑤爱民：要爱护民众。“仁者爱人”。
Love the people: Care for and cherish the people.
“A person of benevolence loves others.”
⑥富民：要让民众生活富足。“凡治国之道，必先富民”。
Enrich the people: Enable the people to live in prosperity.
“The fundamental way of governing a country must first be to enrich the people.”
（2）认识
Understanding
①是中国传统政治文化思想的重要组成部分。
It is an important part of traditional Chinese political and cultural thought.
②民本思想对统治者的残暴和奢侈以及君主权力过度膨胀产生一定的限制作用。
The people‑centered thought exerted a certain restrictive effect on the cruelty and extravagance of rulers and the excessive expansion of monarchical power.
③中国古代民本思想有其阶级和历史的局限性其本质上是为维护君权服务的。
Ancient Chinese people‑centered thought had class and historical limitations, and essentially served to safeguard monarchical power.
Explorer of Innovative Thinking
Author: Li Hong
Yunyang High School, Shiyan City, Hubei Province
March 3, 2026
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